A Distinct Pattern of Myofascial Findings in Patients After Whiplash Injury

Ettlin T, Schuster C, Stoffel R, Brüderlin A and Kischka U
Objective: To identify objective clinical examinations for the diagnosis of whiplash syndrome, whereby we focused on trigger points. Design: A cross-sectional study with 1 measurement point. Setting: A quiet treatment room in a rehabilitation center. Participants: Patients (n=124) and healthy subjects (n=24) participated in [...]

Pain and Stress in a Systems Perspective: Reciprocal Neural, Endocrine, and Immune Interactions

CR Chapman, RP Tuckett and CW Song
Abstract
This paper advances a psychophysiological systems view of pain in which physical injury, or wounding, generates a complex stress response that extends beyond the nervous system and contributes to the experience of pain. Through a common chemical language comprising neurotransmitters, peptides, endocannabinoids, cytokines, and hormones, an ensemble of interdependent [...]