Stress-induced Physiologic Changes as a Basis for the Biopsychosocial Model of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A New Theory?

Finestone, Hillel M; Alfeeli, Aziz MBChB; Fisher, William A.
Objectives: (1) To integrate the scientific literatures of the biopsychosocial model of chronic musculoskeletal pain and of stress-induced physiologic wound and muscle changes, and (2) to propose a clinical assessment and treatment model that incorporates this dual literature into the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Methods: English language [...]

Pain and Stress in a Systems Perspective: Reciprocal Neural, Endocrine, and Immune Interactions

CR Chapman, RP Tuckett and CW Song
Abstract
This paper advances a psychophysiological systems view of pain in which physical injury, or wounding, generates a complex stress response that extends beyond the nervous system and contributes to the experience of pain. Through a common chemical language comprising neurotransmitters, peptides, endocannabinoids, cytokines, and hormones, an ensemble of interdependent [...]